As rich countries get their vaccination numbers up while poorer countries are still struggling, there is some hope that we are getting to grips with the pandemic. On the climate change front, there have been some remarkable achievements in the last two months.
First, US President Biden’s Climate Summit in April got 40 top leaders to commit toward working together on climate change. Even though several countries did not commit to anything new, just getting the US back to the Paris Agreement on Climate Change was a big deal. With China, Russia and all of G20 emerging markets aboard, this was a sign that enemies and rivals can cooperate where it is important for mankind.
Second, the International Energy Agency just published their Net Zero by 2050 report. Since the energy sector accounts for three-quarters of greenhouse carbon emissions, its views on the Net Zero by 2050 goal count. The main message was that “all technologies needed to achieve the necessary deep cuts in global emissions by 2030 already exist, and the policies that can drive their deployment are already proven.” In other words, science and industry think that Net Zero is technically solvable. Net Zero means that carbon dioxide emissions are balanced globally by removal of carbon dioxide through capture or storage, such as reforestation.
Third, the leading oil and gas firms are facing major pressure to shift to low carbon strategies. In May, activist investors forced ExxonMobil to pay attention by replacing two existing board members so as to drive a greener carbon strategy. Chevron buckled to investor pressure. In addition, the Dutch courts forced Shell to cut its carbon emissions by 45 percent in the next decade.
Fourth, the world’s central banks are ramping up pressure on the financial system to manage their climate risks. A Green Swan Conference is on this week, hosted by the Bank for International Settlements, the Bank of France, the IMF and the Network for Greening the Financial System, to see how the financial sector can take immediate actions on climate risks.
All these suggest that following Greta Thunberg’s wake-up call, both public and private sectors are gearing up for UN COP26 (annual UN Conference of the Parties on climate change), which will be held in Glasgow this November. The UK hosts hope that COP26 will deliver concrete commitments to reduce carbon emissions this year.
Former Bank of England Gov. Mark Carney, in his role as UN Special Envoy for Climate Finance, was instrumental in establishing the Network of Central Banks and Supervisors for Greening the Financial System (NGFS) launched at the Paris One Planet Summit in 2017. This indirectly used the financial system to push the real sector to up the ante on climate action.
Working with the Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosure, the NGFS aims to improve climate-related metrics and targets, risk management, strategy on climate risks and governance measures on the broad climate action by financial firms.
Will all these efforts work?
If technical solutions are there and finance seems readily available, why is progress on reduction of carbon emissions still slow? Fundamental barriers are politics and very basic issues on how to put these complex ideas into practice.
First, the controversial politics of climate change has always been about who was responsible for the bulk of carbon emissions and who should pay for the cleaning up. Rich countries today are the still big emitters, but they feel that newcomers like China and emerging markets should play a bigger role in helping to limit carbon emissions. China-bashers argue that since the Paris Climate Agreement in 2015, half of the increase in CO2 emissions is due to China, with China still building coal-burning power stations.
Second, the scale of zero carbon transformation is so deep and complex that it requires huge coordination between whole-of-government and whole-of-society to make the necessary changes. The slow response to carbon action was fundamentally due to economists’ bias for market-based solutions, thinking that carbon pricing would help create carbon-trading markets so those who “save” on carbon emissions are rewarded or paid by offenders who are carbon emitters. Carbon markets have not been successful because of the lack of good rules and the enforcement and efficient pricing of carbon.
It has taken a long time for the public and climate activists to realize that climate action needs both market and state, since pollution and resource depletion are essentially market failures. Thus, the current race to the top on climate action between the US and China is the best thing that can happen for the planet.
Let’s see who can implement the commitments to Net Zero by 2050 faster, better and more comprehensively.
Each government will have to design comprehensive road maps and timelines to achieve their Net Zero carbon targets. This requires governments and markets to work together to design and implement specific but practical plans, projects and programs so that individual consumers, households, corporations and different levels of government will be incentivized (or punished) to meet these targets. This is truly about mass mobilization, not about elite wishful thinking.
To contribute to Net Zero, rich cities like Hong Kong must lay out very clear programs and projects that will cut carbon emissions and energy and resource waste at households and firms. This means that Net Zero strategy must fit into the Smart City with Smart Green Living that is also market and people-friendly.
Net Zero is like the 2050 Olympics for every city or country to demonstrate that they can win on behalf of not just their community, but also for the whole world.
Greta Thunberg is right: “We are in the beginning of a mass extinction and all you can talk about is money and fairy tales of eternal economic growth.”
The Net Zero Olympics is on, and may the best city or economy win.
Andrew Sheng
Andrew Sheng writes on global issues from an Asian perspective. The views are entirely his own. -- Ed.
(Asia News Network)
