Civil society reforms in Uzbekistan

Upon Shavkat Mirziyoyev’s election as president of Uzbekistan in 2016, the role of a robust civil society became the cornerstone of development for a new period in the country’s history. Radical reforms have embraced all aspects of our society‘s political and social life -- with nongovernmental organizations and civil society institutions the locus for reimagining the state’s role in our lives.

With this purpose in mind, President Mirziyoyev presented a flagship program known as the Strategy of Actions where he outlines the five priority areas for the country’s midterm development: enhancing the role played by civil society institutions in public life, mainly through the media; improving the activities and capacity of NGOs; developing and introducing effective mechanisms for public engagement in all levels of governance; strengthening the institutional framework, primarily through legal structures, to ensure the effective operation of civil society institutions and support of those institutions; and fostering their initiative in exercising public engagement over the activities of state bodies.

Public engagement in the context of the changes underway in Uzbekistan means a constant discourse between state institutions and the people they are obligated to serve. Only then do we make decisions on critical sociopolitical issues.

We provide ample opportunities for the active participation of nongovernmental, nonprofit organizations in the social protection of the population. Through these means, we will strengthen public health, ameliorate environmental concerns, provide a balanced education for our youth and increase citizens’ medical and legal knowledge, among many other reforms. As a result, we have seen a considerable increase in nongovernmental, nonprofit organizations and other civil society institutions’ activities following in the words of the president, “It is not the people (who) should serve the state, but the state must serve the people.”

In particular, because we submit draft laws, decrees, resolutions and other normative legal acts for public discussion and examination before adoption, we often avoid the emergence of problems, whether intentional or not, at an early stage in development. The media and social media often play an essential role in fostering public criticism of government agencies and public officials.

In turn, we created the Virtual and People’s Receptions of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan to ensure human rights and interests, to establish a dialogue with people and to carefully study and resolve problems and people‘s needs. These structures form a mechanism for in-depth analysis of the effectiveness of both state-run and executive management efforts. We can monitor local issues through objective criteria and assess their activities, thus holding responsible state institutions and officials accountable to society. To further strengthen the legislative basis for accommodating grievances, the Law on Appeals of Individuals and Legal Entities was adopted in a new iteration of legislative activity.

Today, people’s receptions in all regions, cities and districts have switched to an active system of identifying and solving problems through door-to-door visits to families. Through this grassroots effort, we ensure transparency of direct dialogue with the population, identifying solutions to issues at the local level while protecting individuals and legal entities’ rights, freedoms and legal interests. People’s receptions are empowered to conduct systematic studies of state bodies. Based upon their conclusions, they then introduce submissions to state bodies for consideration. Many of those submissions have proposed disciplinary action against officials who have broken the law, including their dismissal.

In 2020 alone, the president’s virtual reception and the people’s receptions received about 1.2 million applications. As a result of the information and eyewitness testimonies provided by the People’s Receptions of the President, 752 senior officials who did not work according to our system’s guidelines were brought to justice. Recently, we have observed a trend where all ministries have adopted virtual portals on their websites to receive applications and complaints from citizens. The expansion of this system has meant timely resolution of emerging issues.

Furthermore, responsible officials at all levels, working on the ground in the mahallas, identify gaps in improving the population‘s living standards, gather the general opinion of their citizens regarding reforms and organize their efforts on this basis. Also, the government has formed a system for organizing regular community, face-to-face receptions with presidential administration officials, ministries and agencies, as well as khokims (heads of administrations) of regions, cities and districts in the outlying regions. In 2020 alone, we held more than 19,000 such field receptions. We took measures to solve more than 124,000 issues from approximately 120,000 representatives of the population.

When drafting annual state programs within the framework of the tasks defined by the Strategy of Actions, officials closely study and consider topical issues raised by the population. We prioritize long-standing problems, proposals submitted by civil society institutions and NGOs and critical analysis brought forth by the media and social media networks. After completing a vetting process, we present a draft program for public discussion. It is adopted and sent for implementation only after considering the opinions, proposals and recommendations of ordinary people, experts and representatives of international organizations.

In the renewed Uzbekistan, every individual holds the constitutional right to freedom of thought, speech and belief. Their right to search, receive and disseminate information through their interests is held inviolate, an achievement rightfully acknowledged by the international community. In particular, under the president’s insistence, state bodies opened their “closed doors” and ensured transparency in their activities. The president regularly follows social networks, national and foreign media and other sources about societal problems that concern the public. In due course, he sometimes reprimands responsible leaders who are indifferent to resolving these issues. He sometimes applies disciplinary sanctions, even releases them from office, and calls on civil society institutions to be uncompromising in these processes.

Under the initiative of Mirziyoyev, public officials introduced effective mechanisms of this institution into the Law on Public Control, adopted in 2018. This law regulates government and governmental organizations’ relations with citizens, citizens’ self-government bodies, nongovernmental, nonprofit organizations and the media in organizing and furthering a public discourse over the implementation of legislative acts. Also, by the decree of the president, public councils were created as branches of state bodies.

These councils are called upon to exercise a mechanism of accountability over a state body and its officials on implementing adopted regulations, programs, agreements, contracts, projects and programs implemented within the social partnership framework.

Besides, these councils take an active part in systematic monitoring and comprehensive analysis of public opinion on the activities of a state body on the most critical issues affecting the rights, freedoms and legitimate interests of citizens, the development and implementation of state programs and other programs in the field of combating corruption. Thus, accountability to the public is essential for building a stable and free civil society in the new Uzbekistan. Accordingly, organizing fruitful cooperation between state and public organizations and ensuring the effectiveness of reforms is at the core of the updated policy.

One must openly admit that although there are about 9,200 nongovernmental, non-profit organizations in Uzbekistan, many of them have not found their place and role in the public life of Uzbekistan and have shown negligible results from their activities.

Meanwhile, citizen participation, citizens’ self-governing bodies, nongovernmental, nonprofit organizations and the media engaged in the current reforms lagged woefully behind international standards. In particular, most civil society institutions, having legal powers to hold public hearings, to discuss issues related to state bodies and their officials, issues of great social significance, did not pay due attention to this responsibility.

Under the president’s initiative, facilities to house NGOs are being installed in all regions of the country, which, one by one, are transferred to the disposal of independent institutions of civil society. Also, they are provided with training on legal issues pertaining to their field to participate and receive national and international grant competitions. Practical assistance is provided in establishing close cooperation with international organizations. In short, to establish social justice, NGOs are actively supported, which serve to further equality, mutual responsibility, and accountability in the individual, society, and the state.

Nevertheless, due to concrete support by the government, activities among institutions engaged in the civil sphere have increased. In particular, one should note that last year, in the context of a pandemic, under the initiative of NGOs, NGOs carried out a tremendous amount of work in the fight against coronavirus. Charity events and all efforts to protect the health of citizens were highly effective.

The adoption in March of this year by President Mirziyoyev of a resolution and a decree aimed at strengthening the development of civil society represents another step toward the development of civil society in Uzbekistan.

These two legal documents aim to ensure transparency among NGOs so that stakeholders can be aware of their activities. Ensuring civil society institutions‘ transparency has been noted as one of the main directions of the “Concept for developing civil society in 2021-2025.” This decree goes a long way in adding teeth to these efforts in the form of a legal document.

In conclusion, one should take special note that the president is deeply aware of how important and necessary the third sector’s role is on the path of Uzbekistan’s progressive development. In this regard, President Mirziyoyev promotes ideas and initiatives that promise to establish a systemic and effective dialogue between citizens and civil society institutions under international standards. He seeks a multivector approach that combines all levels of society’s efforts to develop a state that ensures the adherence to our values as a country and a practical approach to the betterment of the lives of its citizens.

By Eldor Tulyakov
Executive director of Development Strategy Center of Uzbekistan



By Korea Herald (koreaherald@heraldcorp.com)