Tom Wolfe talks Darwin, Chomsky and human speech

NEW YORK (AP) -- After satirizing everything from “radical chic” to 20th century architecture, Tom Wolfe is now mining the mystery of language and the reputation of the most influential linguist of our time, Noam Chomsky.

Chomsky, in turn, has some thoughts about Wolfe, the celebrated New Journalist and author of such classics as “The Bonfire of the Vanities” and “The Right Stuff.”

In his new book, “The Kingdom of Speech,” Wolfe examines how scholars have attempted to discern the roots of verbal communication. He reviews the debates between Charles Darwin, who likened speech to the “sounds uttered by birds,” and other 19th century evolutionists. He notes how modern understanding centers on Chomsky’s revolutionary theory that humans have an innate knowledge of language.

Wolfe duly acknowledges Chomsky’s breakthrough, but sees a man so used to dominance in his field that he scorns or evades those who challenge his research. He also suggests his stature as a linguist is tied to his years as an activist and left-wing thinker. He cites Chomsky’s 1967 publication “The Responsibility of Intellectuals,” a landmark essay in the New York Review of Books that assailed the Vietnam War and accused intellectuals of failing “to speak the truth and to expose lies.”

The timing was absolutely perfect, according to Wolfe.

“Chomsky’s audacity and his Old World, Eastern European slant on life were things most intellectuals found charming, since by then, 1967, opposition to the war in Vietnam had become something stronger than a passion ... namely, a fashion, a certification that one had risen above the herd,” he writes.

“Chomsky’s politics enhanced his reputation as a great linguist, and his reputation as a great linguist enhanced his reputation as a political solon, and his reputation as a political solon inflated his reputation from great linguist to an all-around genius, and the genius inflated the solon into a veritable Voltaire, and the veritable Voltaire inflated the genius of geniuses into a philosophical giant ... Noam Chomsky.”

Chomsky, a professor emeritus at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, says that that he read an excerpt of the book in Harper’s magazine and found “egregious errors.” 

He dismissed Wolfe’s portrait of himself and other MIT faculty members as captives of air-conditioned campus buildings, uninterested in field work or new ideas. He strongly questioned Wolfe’s grasp of linguistics. And he objected to Wolfe’s suggestion that he was an activist who “arranges to get arrested in the morning so that he can get out in time to make it to New York nightspots to show off his bravery,” Chomsky told the Associated Press.

“I’m sure Wolfe would very much enjoy a few days in the Washington cell block or facing a likely long prison sentence, not to speak of constant demonstrations, half a dozen or more talks a day to all sorts of groups, meetings to plan serious resistance activities, extensive travel for talks and demonstrations, enjoying the pleasures of tear-gassing and mace, organizing national tax resistance and a lot more that constitutes real activism,” Chomsky said.

Wolfe, who interviewed Chomsky by phone for his book, declined to respond. He did say that Chomsky's opposition to the war was “very sincere.”

Winner of the National Book Award and numerous other honors, Wolfe has angered his subjects before. His mockery of avant-garde art in “The Painted Word” hit the “the art world like a really bad, MSG-headache-producing, Chinese lunch,” critic Rosalind E. Krauss wrote at the time. His book on architecture, “From Bauhaus to Our House,” led Time reviewer Robert Hughes to conclude that Wolfe held “a kind of supercilious rancor and a free-floating hostility toward the intelligentsia.”

During a recent interview in his spacious apartment on Manhattan’s Upper East Side, where he wore his customary white suit, the 85-year-old Wolfe said he wrote “Kingdom of Speech” out of “real curiosity” because no one “has ever been able to explain (human) language.” Wolfe himself doesn‘t have the answer, but calls speech the greatest gift of civilization.

“Bango!” he writes in his book. “There is a cardinal distinction between man and animal, a sheerly dividing line as abrupt and immovable as a cliff: namely, speech.”

Speech is the book’s primary subject, but status has been the running theme of Wolfe’s work from the astronauts in “The Right Stuff” to campus life in “I Am Charlotte Simmons,” and it’s a subplot for “Kingdom of Speech.” He doesn’t only take on Chomsky, but portrays Darwin as a competitive, would-be aristocrat striving for “honor as a gentleman and a scholar.”

“Kingdom of Speech” is a short work, under 200 pages, more on par with “The Painted Word” than the 19th century scale of “The Bonfire of the Vanities” and “A Man in Full.” His books have sold millions of copies, but Wolfe reasons that “if you write more than 150 pages about anything that says ‘evolution’ you’re in for it. Nobody’s going to stick with you.”